CPD Accredited World Congress on Diabetes,Endocrinology & Nursing Management
Rome, Italy
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders, characterized by elevated blood glucose levels. Diabetes occur if the body either does not produce enough insulin hormone, or because cells do not respond appropriately to the insulin produced (insulin resistance) or both. Borderline diabetes otherwise also known as pre diabetes, it’s a condition that develops before someone gets type 2 diabetes. It’s also known as impaired fasting glucose or glucose intolerance. Basically it is meant that blood sugar levels is higher than normal, but they are not quite enough to be known as diabetes. During pre diabetes phase, pancreas still produces enough insulin in response to ingested carbohydrates. The insulin is effective at removing the sugar from the bloodstream, though, so our blood sugar remains high. This condition is called insulin resistance. The A1C test is an indirect but reliable way of measuring the average blood sugar levels over the past 2 to 3 months. Pre diabetes is diagnosed when higher blood sugar levels are shown by an A1C Test result of between 5.7 and 6.4 percent. Fasting blood sugar levels in the range of 100- 125 mg/dL indicates pre diabetes, as do non fasting levels of 140-199 mg/Dl. This reading confirms the diagnosis of pre diabetes.
Diabetes constitutes a significant public pathological state. Though substantial progress has been created in shaping the genetic science of metabolic syndrome risk for specific subtypes of polygenic disease (e.g., type 2 Diabetes of the young), the bulk of genetic risk of polygenic disease (for Type 1 and type 2) stay unresolved. This review focuses on the present information of the genetic basis of diabetes and its complications, specifically diabetic nephrosis (DN), recent advances in genetic science of Diabetes, Diabetes in ethnic teams, genetic manner interactions and understanding the genetic science of diabetes. Ultimately, identification of genes that contribute to risk (or protection) of diabetes and its complications can permit identification of patients United Nations agency have diabetes and area unit in danger and targeted treatment/interventional methods. Diabetic amyotrophic could be a disabling sickness that's distinct from alternative types of diabetic neuropathy. The most well studied is IDDM1, which contains the HLA genes that encode immune response proteins. Variations in HLA genes are an important genetic risk factor, but they alone do not account for the disease and other genes are involved. There are two other non-HLA genes which have been identified thus far. One of these non-HLA genes, IDDM2, is the insulin gene, and the other non-HLA gene maps close to CTLA4, which has a regulatory role in the immune response.
New treatments and
advances in research are giving new approach to people suffering from diabetes
type 1 and diabetes type 2. Mesenchymal stem
cell therapy for diabetes type 1 and diabetes type 2 may help
patients who don’t respond to typical drug treatment. The researchers are
currently studying about adult adipose stem cell therapy as
an alternative treatment to manage the complications associated with
diabetes type 1 and type 2. The stem cells extracted from a patient may
have the potential to reduce countless cells of the body, insulin producing
cells included. In 2004, the university of Pittsburgh grew insulin producing
beta cells by introducing two genes ‘cdk’ and ‘cyclin d’ via a virus. The
researchers were able to deactivate the virus and also prevent stem cells from
growing further. To cure type 1diabetes, stem cell replacement needs to be
more than simply a case of swapping insulin-producing cells from
a healthy pancreas with those destroyed by diabetes in a diabetic
patient.
Diabetes can
affect many part of our body including our skin. When diabetes affects the
skin, it’s often a sign that our blood sugar levels are too high. This could
mean that, undiagnosed diabetes or pre-diabetes, treatment for diabetes need to
be adjusted. Some of the signs that are warnings to consult dermatologist are:
Type 1 diabetes is a
chronic illness characterized by the body’s inability to produce insulin due to
the autoimmune destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas. Most pediatric patients with
diabetes have type 1 and a life time dependence on exogenous insulin.
Colorectal cancer is
related with diabetes mellitus and both of these common conditions are managed
together by a surgeon. Type II (non- insulin dependent) diabetes seems to
increase colorectal cancer incidence. Colorectal cancer and diabetes are both common diseases in
the Western World. Countries that have taken up a western lifestyle have also
seen an increase in the incidence of both colorectal cancer and diabetes.
Both case control and cohort studies have shown that type II diabetes increases
the lifetime risk of colorectal cancer by up to three times the risk to the
general population and that diabetes is independently associated
with greater mortality in colorectal cancers. Diarrhea is one of the most
common symptoms of colonic cancer. Diarrhea especially at night is a result of
autonomic neuropathy and diabetic neuropathy is one of the most common
symptomatic complications of diabetes. Patients with diabetes who have
autonomic neuropathy are more likely to develop constipation. Diabetic patients
are also more likely to develop feacal
incontinence. Impotence and both urinary and faecal
incontinence following rectal surgery is certainly technique dependent in
addition to factors including diabetes, smoking, alcohol and other
medications. Anastomotic leak is
the largest risk of mortality following colorectal surgery and most surgeons
agree that diabetes is a risk factor in rectal surgery.
Chemotherapy in
diabetic patients is a complex challenge. Not only is the diabetic control an
issue, but following resection patients is more prone to loose stool. A large
randomized controlled trial showed that patients with diabetes and stage 2/3
disease were more likely to suffer severe diarrhea as a result of chemotherapy
than patients without diabetes.1 Patients with diabetes are also more
likely to suffer from cardiovascular disease,
renal failure and neuropathy all of which can be exacerbated by chemotherapeutic agents.
Diabetes diet is
eating the healthiest foods in moderate amount and sticky to regular meal
times. Diabetes nutrition is a healthy eating plan that’s naturally rich in
nutrients and low in fat and calories. Key elements are fruits, vegetables and
whole grains. In fact, a diabetes diet plan is the best eating plan for most
everyone.
The concept of 'new
technologies' for type 1 diabetes and new discovery and advanced type 2
diabetes treatment has expanded in recent years at a rate that some might
consider comparable to 'Moore’s Law',
and the sheer number of new technologies entering into the type 1 diabetes
marketplace is also growing at a remarkable rate. From the patient’s
perspective, this is not only exciting but can lead to a sense of optimism.
Technologies that today are growing commonplace (e.g. insulin pumps, rapid HbA1c
monitoring, etc. come under new therapeutic mechanisms of diabetes.
Indeed, it could be argued that the major advances in type 1 diabetes care made
within the last quarter of a century have come from technology rather than
biology. At the same time, not all new technologies succeed (e.g. the
Glucowatch), regardless of their purported promise. Both type 1 diabetes
patients and their healthcare providers will soon see a series of further
advanced medical technologies used in hospital and new technologies and novel
therapies in diabetes treatment whose basis is tied to the notion of improving
the lives of those with the disease.
The aim of diabetes
treatment is to keep, within reason, blood glucose levels as near to normal as
possible. Training in self-management of diabetes forms
an essential part of diabetes management. Treatment should be agreed on an
individual basis and address medical, psychosocial and lifestyle issues.
A variety of different
factors have a role to play in treating diabetes, but the importance of
balanced, coordinated diabetes treatment for all diabetics cannot be
underestimated
Regular and
successful treatment decreases the risk of each patient developing diabetes
complications.
Nursing management of
diabetes includes effective treatment to normalize blood
glucose and decrease complications using insulin replacement,
balanced diet and exercise. The nurse should stress the importance of complying
with the prescribed treatment program. Management includes teaching patient’s
needs, abilities and developmental stage. Stress the effect of blood glucose
control on long-term health